Engineering Tube: Mini Projects

MQ-4 Sensor:

<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGZqScjvD8qnjyCfKkIVeWJb8_nSsCKbyLQgsu1mGTbyI3haGgFsAWdXQ8lX5nPmrisR0dQcBKVkTfr9fRNyPtjsS5A9u1VkBu08n9aiy-WAG9x9U4dn5HHQtIO9JoQ9bw79ls0PioyXST/s575/MQ-4+Sensor.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="474" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGZqScjvD8qnjyCfKkIVeWJb8_nSsCKbyLQgsu1mGTbyI3haGgFsAWdXQ8lX5nPmrisR0dQcBKVkTfr9fRNyPtjsS5A9u1VkBu08n9aiy-WAG9x9U4dn5HHQtIO9JoQ9bw79ls0PioyXST/w330-h400/MQ-4+Sensor.png" width="330" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">MQ-4 sensor is a gas detecting sensor. This sensor is mainly
use to detect Methane, and CNG Gas. This sensor also sensing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>other flammable gases like Butane and
propane. Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range. High sensitivity to
Natural gas / CNG. Low sensitivity to smoke, flame. Long life and low cost.
Simple drive circuit.<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFqRr3C1ZFnmltEr-mSql8SK9wLyJ8ovnlPdkXlQi5p0YHMPzSAEuf-xOFK3cT6XXTTwFcMXVhPKZkaboY_KzEEy1OTioeDLH8FAfta7DsOzBdvTPdJ5yX_9RYPT2ZeAys8QAdN5ULjyUy/s2048/MQ-4+Sensor+back.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1150" data-original-width="2048" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFqRr3C1ZFnmltEr-mSql8SK9wLyJ8ovnlPdkXlQi5p0YHMPzSAEuf-xOFK3cT6XXTTwFcMXVhPKZkaboY_KzEEy1OTioeDLH8FAfta7DsOzBdvTPdJ5yX_9RYPT2ZeAys8QAdN5ULjyUy/w400-h225/MQ-4+Sensor+back.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">There are different MQ series sensor which is used for
detecting different gases.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">List of different<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>MQ
series sensor are given below.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ-2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">      </span>Methane,
Butane, LPG, Smoke.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ-3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>Alcohol,
Ethanol, Smoke<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ-4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>Methane, CNG
Gas<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ-5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>Natural gas,
LPG<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ-6<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>LPG, butane<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ-7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>Carbon
Monoxide<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ-8<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">      </span>Hydrogen Gas<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ-9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">       </span>Carbon
Monoxide, flammable gasses<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ131<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>Ozone<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ135<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>Air Quality<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ136<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Hydrogen Sulphide gas<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ137<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>Ammonia<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ138<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>Benzene,
Toluene, Alcohol, Propane, Formaldehyde gas, Hydrogen<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ214<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>Methane,
Natural Gas<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ216<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">      </span>Natural
gas, Coal Gas<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ303A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>Alcohol,
Ethanol, smoke<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ306A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>LPG, butane<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ307A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>Carbon Monoxide<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">MQ309A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>Carbon
Monoxide, flammable gas<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The connections of
MQ4 Gas Sensor Module.<o:p></o:p></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">AO to AnalogO<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">DO to DigitalO<o:p></o:p></p>

<h2 style="text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">MQ-4 Sesnsor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>with simple electronic circuit:</span></b></h2>

<p class="MsoNormal">Components :<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">1: MQ- 4 Gas Sensor.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">3: Buzzer<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">4: Resistors<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>1.5 Ohm,
270 Ohm.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">5: Bread board<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">6: Some jumper wires.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">7: DC Power source 5v.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">Circuit:<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAoGAGr0bUKrwS1UJpOLWMZMSYAnXJ_tdpRiYi3zZZRggbUt89vXBvrBIYy2OLlusSAIsEIZigEjsE8am41k79b1fTTxbE7WjKIYqF9E_q0Lgoqa2bl9BX127pGmb09MugE3ZR1ttujBME/s2048/MQ-4+Sensor+without+Arduio.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAoGAGr0bUKrwS1UJpOLWMZMSYAnXJ_tdpRiYi3zZZRggbUt89vXBvrBIYy2OLlusSAIsEIZigEjsE8am41k79b1fTTxbE7WjKIYqF9E_q0Lgoqa2bl9BX127pGmb09MugE3ZR1ttujBME/w400-h225/MQ-4+Sensor+without+Arduio.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFgeTPD8a37B3xcwsHEdbRH-ngZITY70aQLJQ9B1_vQzom8XmAkqKdZSmp7_sk9kHkMreaZ5ryxrKihGCvWkir8TGpi4IfRJssL95uECbMmPDSCFvn96W_ou108I7y5Yc3rgS4Z27vVMk/s324/MQ-4+Sensor+circuit.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="269" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFgeTPD8a37B3xcwsHEdbRH-ngZITY70aQLJQ9B1_vQzom8XmAkqKdZSmp7_sk9kHkMreaZ5ryxrKihGCvWkir8TGpi4IfRJssL95uECbMmPDSCFvn96W_ou108I7y5Yc3rgS4Z27vVMk/w333-h400/MQ-4+Sensor+circuit.png" width="333" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></b><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MQ-4 Sensor with Arduino:</b></h2><div>You can also use MQ-4 sensor with Arduino. This sensor gives
you both digital and analog data.</div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">Using with arduino is very simple I am sharing both circuit
and Code for arduino.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Code:</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>                              /* MQ-4 Methane Sensor Circuit with Arduino */</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>const int AOUTpin=1;               //the AOUT pin of the MQ-4 sensor goes into analog pin A1 of the arduino.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>const int DOUTpin=7;              //the DOUT pin of the MQ-4 sensor goes into digital pin D7 of the arduino.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>const int ledPin=13;             //the anode of the LED connects to digital pin D13 of the arduino Same for buzzer.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>int limit;</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>int value;</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>void setup() {</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Serial.begin(115200);            //sets the baud rate.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>pinMode(DOUTpin, INPUT);        //sets the pin as an input to the arduino.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);        //sets the pin as an output of the arduino.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>}</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>void loop()</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>{</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>value= analogRead(AOUTpin);      //reads the analaog value from the MQ-4 sensor's AOUT pin.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>limit= digitalRead(DOUTpin);     //reads the digital value from the MQ-4 sensor's DOUT pin.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Serial.print("Butane value: ");</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Serial.println(value);           //prints the Butane value.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Serial.print("Limit: ");</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Serial.print(limit);             //prints the limit reached as either LOW or HIGH.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>delay(100);</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>if (limit == HIGH){</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);       //if limit has been reached,Both LED and Buzzer turns on as status indicator.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>}</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>else{</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);      //if threshold not reached, LED remains off.</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>}</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>}</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>CIRCUIT:</b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Xf20BgXStkT6JFIYuWKKC1rE-yr1K9v7Wf-0BbCcsEEoQ3JAbnID5ukQgd4hXkgwFrluv3TAzG854dcdpTTvyU7415mZSAkSDt5EJ8FawyDbvS7PsW5jZ0X2yFDQoiIIxvLKTFZ9-y9A/s1632/MQ-4+Sensor+with+Arduio.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1632" data-original-width="1492" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Xf20BgXStkT6JFIYuWKKC1rE-yr1K9v7Wf-0BbCcsEEoQ3JAbnID5ukQgd4hXkgwFrluv3TAzG854dcdpTTvyU7415mZSAkSDt5EJ8FawyDbvS7PsW5jZ0X2yFDQoiIIxvLKTFZ9-y9A/w586-h640/MQ-4+Sensor+with+Arduio.png" width="586" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNGWNN4gT2qFVhuL0GVcgZwHiCj3qGNn-aMBG6oLojTNRqGQxX8X6TC_ZqgDAL_UYSJQHKiZEQYHOWbEfGuo6YzA09maqlq_JkxC5MlWX4XFSHI3v7WDrv2ubV3b4-LKnQ4rVaY_EXCSVE/s1280/MQ-4+Sensor+with+Arduio+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNGWNN4gT2qFVhuL0GVcgZwHiCj3qGNn-aMBG6oLojTNRqGQxX8X6TC_ZqgDAL_UYSJQHKiZEQYHOWbEfGuo6YzA09maqlq_JkxC5MlWX4XFSHI3v7WDrv2ubV3b4-LKnQ4rVaY_EXCSVE/w640-h360/MQ-4+Sensor+with+Arduio+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>

MQ-4 Sensor:

MQ-4 sensor is a gas detecting sensor. This sensor is mainly use to detect Methane, and CNG Gas. This sensor also sensing other flammabl...

How to make a bubble machine at home

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Hello Friends and Welcome to Engineering Tube.</div>
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In this blog, I will show you how to make a bubble machine
with a simple Idea. With the help of this project, you can make a lot of bubbles
in a very short time. Hope you will enjoy this project.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Let Gets started<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: cyan;"><i>Components Your needs are:</i></span></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PVC Pipe,2:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Old DVD’s 3:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Plastic bottle 4:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Glue gun 5:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DC Gear motors 6:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">simple DC Motor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bubble wands.8:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lasani thin board 9:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Spray paints.Connecting Wires, 10: Soldering Iron, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11:
Soldering Wire, 12: Sleeves shrink Tube, 13: 6 volts Battery, 14: Buttons,15:
Cutter,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16:</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bubble Wands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">Construction:</span></span></u></i></b></h4>
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Form PVC Pipe, Old DVD’s and Plastic bottle head make a shape that shows in the image it's very simple.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Lasani thin board for holding the components.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Buy Bubble Wands from the market it's easily available for
holding the solution mixture. Now Glue it with the outer side of the DVD disk.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The other things you need are 2 DC Gear motors which have
low RPM and 2 simple DC Motor of High RPM for Fan which Blows the Air through the bubble wands.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Arranged all the motors as shown in the image.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Spray paints on all the components for looking beautiful.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-DE3D2NPbH_kCcPl2NbsuSW5mNjLGE3OhJLhyPV4I2jv4fF77trAhCXcXdxsMa0K49XBCx9X_VhzktHaotCUWfXuhaejL9_W6J_79mvdOqbQUUS1S-8xSxsvRWU-mN-QT9FaGENN3Droe/s1600/Snapshot_24.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-DE3D2NPbH_kCcPl2NbsuSW5mNjLGE3OhJLhyPV4I2jv4fF77trAhCXcXdxsMa0K49XBCx9X_VhzktHaotCUWfXuhaejL9_W6J_79mvdOqbQUUS1S-8xSxsvRWU-mN-QT9FaGENN3Droe/s640/Snapshot_24.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Glue all the components on the lasani board.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPx-bgjK7mbPLcdKA9GmervLYz9kdHWfb4DJHQyjkjqKHfYQbznx40ZxVshMp5PIq8a4jPqwAajOu8XUqr9jLHPlYK1l-gg4S8J-t6rn6vcD3HD1EwaHQP1R2rjPGUH1mUw4qGd9TrkpY9/s1600/Snapshot_25.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPx-bgjK7mbPLcdKA9GmervLYz9kdHWfb4DJHQyjkjqKHfYQbznx40ZxVshMp5PIq8a4jPqwAajOu8XUqr9jLHPlYK1l-gg4S8J-t6rn6vcD3HD1EwaHQP1R2rjPGUH1mUw4qGd9TrkpY9/s640/Snapshot_25.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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This Fan will help to push the bubbles upward<o:p></o:p></div>
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Solder connecting wires with the motors<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">Solution for Bubble Mixture:</span></span></u></b></h3>
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To make a solution for bubble u need<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">You will
need 1/2 cup warm water, 4 tbsp liquid dish detergent and 2 tbsp glycerine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mix all the
ingredients and shake it well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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  From here you can remove the solution.<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Final Results:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bubble machine a beautiful gift for kids. Child's Love playing with Bubbles. Here u can see that
my princes playing with bubbles .she was very excited when I turn on the bubble
machine for the first time.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsf6F_JeTbDIHMuazakiAr43_EEDKAM77BI0yydTuZ9R6IeBSHOUFfpHCtbsKiOJTXZHlSB8GHmP4kIuHBhcWC-27IEpnf8HmZd2ajhZs3qRuMG2lkE8sYMlRNaoy09nxLqnrFkFj2_ExJ/s1600/Snapshot_35.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="how to make a bubble machine at home" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsf6F_JeTbDIHMuazakiAr43_EEDKAM77BI0yydTuZ9R6IeBSHOUFfpHCtbsKiOJTXZHlSB8GHmP4kIuHBhcWC-27IEpnf8HmZd2ajhZs3qRuMG2lkE8sYMlRNaoy09nxLqnrFkFj2_ExJ/s640/Snapshot_35.png" title="Bubble machine" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: cyan;"><b><i><u>Video: </u></i></b></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdVByfBXZPM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdVByfBXZPM</a><br />
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How to make a bubble machine at home

Hello Friends and Welcome to Engineering Tube. In this blog, I will show you how to make a bubble machine with a simple Idea. With the...

DC Variable Power supply (1.25V To 6.5V)

<h2>
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">INTRODUCTION:</span></i></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">       </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">                  </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">A </span></b><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">power supply is a circuit which convert Alternating
current (AC) to direct Current (Dc).we supply Dc to all Circuits where we need it.
Dc supply is very important for the proper biasing of a circuit components.with
the help of a variable Dc power supply we give different voltages to a circuit
for biasing because different electronic component works on different voltages.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><b>DEFINITION: </b></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">                                   A Dc regulated power supply (with a
variable output voltages from 1.25v to 6.5v) is a circuit which convert
alternating current to variable output direct current.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">1.AC SOURCE:</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">                      AC is stand for alternating current.AC source is a simple voltage source
which is available in every home .We apply 220v ac to circuit as a input. The
AC source have a sinusoidal wave form.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">2.TRANSFORMER:</span></i></b></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">                                           A transformer is simple an electric device or
also a transformer is an ac machine.There are two types of transformer (1)Step
up transformer and (2)Step down transformer.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<br />
<h4>
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">(1)Step up transformer:</span></i></h4>
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">                                   It is the type of transformer which convert
low voltage to high voltage.Such type of transformer are use in power houses
where the need of high voltage.In step up transformer number of turns in the
primary side is less then number of turns in the secondary Np<Ns.</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva";"><span style="font-size: 24px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva";"><span style="font-size: 24px;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
<h4>
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">(2)Step down transformer:</span></i></h4>
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">          It
also a type of transformer which convert high voltage to low voltage .we use a
step down transformer in our circuit it convert 220v AC to 12v AC because we
need 12v AC for circuit. In the step down transformer number of turns in the
primary side is more than the number of turns in the secondary side Ns>Np.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva";"><span style="font-size: 24px;"><i><br /></i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"></span></i>
<br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div>
<h3>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">3.RECTIFIER.  </span></i></b></h3>
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<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">        </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Rectifier is a circuit which
convert alternating current to pulsating direct current (DC).There are two
types of rectifier circuit (1) Half wave rectifier and (2) Full wave rectifier
.We use  full wave rectifier in our
circuit.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<h3>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">BRIDGE RECTIFIER:  </span></i></b></h3>
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">                </span></b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Bridge rectifier is a full
wave rectifier.In the bridge rectifier four diodes are use.When the input cycle
is positive the diode D1 and D2 are forward biased  and conduct the current at this time diode D3
and D4 are reverse biased .When the input cycle is negative the diode D3 and D4
are forward biased and conduct current while diode D1 and D2 are reversed biased.So  these process convert alternating current to
pulsating  direct current.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
<h3>
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span></i><b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">4. FILTER :</span></i></b></h3>
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">        </span><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">A filter is a circuit which covert pulsating dc to a
ripple dc.This circuit is connected after the bridge rectifier. In a filter
circuit only a capacitor of high value is used . The positive end of a
capacitor is connected to the output of a bridge circuit while the negative end
is  grounded.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva";"><span style="font-size: 24px;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<h3>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">5. VOLTAGE REGULATOR:</span></i></b></h3>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">          </span></b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">In
this circuit we use LM317 voltage regulator .The LM317 voltage regulator has
three terminals ,the three terminals are Vout,Vin and ADJUSTMENT (ADJ).The
LM317 series regulator are available in standard transistor packages that are
easy mounted  and handled.The main
function of regulator circuit is to convert ripple dc to regulated </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">ripple dc to
regulated DC.</span></i></div>
<div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">
</span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<h3>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">INTRODUCTION
TO BLOCK DIAGRAM:</span></i></b></h3>
<div>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">                             Block diagram of dc regulated power supply<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKING
PRINCIPAL</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">:</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">First of all we give
220 v AC supply to a step down transformer convert it to 12.6 v. After this
12.6 v  is then passed through bridge
rectifier.The bridge rectifier convert these AC voltages to a pulsating DC
voltages.After the bridge rectifier we connect a filter circuit.The filter
circuit removes pulsation from pulsating DC and give  ripple DC voltage.After the ripple part DC
the output of the circuit is passed through voltages regulator circuit which
give the regulated DC output which is our required.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">OPERATION:</span></i></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">In the operation of a DC regulated power supply
circuit.First we give 220v AC from the main supply or</span><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">main
switch to a step down transformer.the function of step down</span><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">transformer
is to convert high voltage to a low voltage. In 
the step down transformer the number of primary turns is more than the
number of the secondary turns. The step down transformer give the output
12.6vAC. Then this 12.6v AC are passed through the full wave bridge
rectifier.In the bridge rectifier four diodes are used. The four diodes are (IN4001)
rectifier diodes. When the positive side of the AC voltage into the upper side
of the bridge. The Diode D1 and D3 are forward Biased while D2 and D4 are
reversed Biased and in the next cycle when the Negative cycle comes then the
diodes D1 and D3 are reversed bias while the Diode D2 and D4 are forward
Biased.The Bridge rectifier give the pulsating DC output.After this we connect
a capacitor of value 1000uF. which work as a filter.when the pulsating DC goes
to the peak the capacitor C1 becomes recharge and when the pulsating DC becomes
decrease.At this time the capacitor becomes discharged. Due to this recharging
and discharging of a capacitor.it convert pulsating DC to ripple DC.After this we
connect a voltage regulator. This regulator circuit convert ripple DC to a
regulated DC.Here a three terminal regulator are used which is as adjustable output
controlled by a variable resistor R2. Note that R2 is adjustable from 0 to
1Kohms. The LM317 regulator keeps a constant 1.25v between the output and
adjust terminal.This produce a constant current in R1 of 1.25v/240ohm=52mA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Neglecting
the very small current through the adjust terminal the current in R2 is the
same as the current in R1.the output is taken across both R1 and R2 and is
found from the Equation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">     Vout=1.25v(R1+R2)/R1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Notice
that the output voltage from the power supply is the regulator’s 1.25v
multiplied by the ratio of the resistance.from the case show in the
circuit.when R2 is set to the minimum 0 resistance the output is 1.25v.when R2
is set to the maximum the output is nearly 6.5v.Resistor R1 and R2 is connected
as a voltage divider circuit.Capacitor C2 and C3 is used for more Filtration
output DC.so at the end we get a regulated DC from 1.25v to 6.5v</span><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22pt;">CIRCUIT  DIAGRAM</span><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22pt;">:</span></u></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22pt;"><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEBHlQpmWz_vd0rUGQO4tR-OXv0hw2tWSZNylUXvqVXxB9ZAW3frEqdKq0yv8ji4mzc8YUc6AS9PRSiLIpYOO0uK9hWqO4bv78_T_y9rVFdTMDOFJ1pkRtv7ISqVwrKwi9bIuAbF0O_LDe/s1600/circuit.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DC Variable Power supply" border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="665" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEBHlQpmWz_vd0rUGQO4tR-OXv0hw2tWSZNylUXvqVXxB9ZAW3frEqdKq0yv8ji4mzc8YUc6AS9PRSiLIpYOO0uK9hWqO4bv78_T_y9rVFdTMDOFJ1pkRtv7ISqVwrKwi9bIuAbF0O_LDe/s640/circuit.png" title="DC Variable Power supply  (1.25V To 6.5V)" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22pt;"><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b></span></div>
<h3>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><u>MULTIMETER  OUTPUT  VOLTAGES:</u></span></i></b></h3>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<h3>
<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><u>OSCILLOSCOPE  INPUT  AND
 OUTPUT WAVEFORM:</u></span></i></b></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3HQQEC_poVXl8OmH3G6XiHV31sTpmtvElITp5AEV8-bGq6BmaEh4RQflgva7IAjdhO835FYPp6KjXTPK-e7AYkE0OUyEfOR5vC4IKgTb4tBzGZU_auVU1h11_aLOsCIa3bMar-5txrGE1/s1600/osi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="oscilloscope" border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="466" height="564" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3HQQEC_poVXl8OmH3G6XiHV31sTpmtvElITp5AEV8-bGq6BmaEh4RQflgva7IAjdhO835FYPp6KjXTPK-e7AYkE0OUyEfOR5vC4IKgTb4tBzGZU_auVU1h11_aLOsCIa3bMar-5txrGE1/s640/osi.png" title="DC Variable Power supply" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><br /></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;"><br /></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">ADVANTAGES:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">. With the help of dc regulated power we biased all electronic
components. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">.With the help of variable dc power supply we apply different voltages to
different component work on different voltages.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 22.0pt;">USES OF VARIABLE POWER
SUPPLY  :</span></i></b></h3>
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<i><span style="font-family: "monotype corsiva"; font-size: 18.0pt;">.This  power supply is used in all
electronic devices.For example .in mobile phone,computers,TV etc.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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